3D printers: How to find the right model

3D printing has long since evolved from a niche product into a versatile tool in workshops, schools, and private households. Whether for prototyping, spare parts, model making, or creative art projects – having your own 3D printer opens up new design possibilities. But with the multitude of models, technologies, and price ranges, finding the right device isn't always easy. In this article, you'll learn what to look for when purchasing a 3D printer and which criteria are truly crucial.

What is a 3D printer and how does it work?

A 3D printer is a device that transforms digital models into physical objects – layer by layer. The principle is based on the additive manufacturing process, in which material (usually plastic) is applied layer by layer until the desired object is created. The print data usually comes from CAD programs or is imported from 3D files such as .STL or .OBJ.

A Comparison of the Most Important 3D Printer Technologies

1. FDM Printer

• Suitable for: Beginners, hobbyists, everyday objects
• Materials: PLA, ABS, PETG, TPU
• Advantages: Affordable, robust, wide range of materials
• Disadvantages: Slightly lower level of detail

2. SLA/DLP Printer (Resin Printer)

• Suitable for: Miniatures, jewelry, prototypes
• Materials: UV-curing resin
• Advantages: Very high resolution, smooth surfaces
• Disadvantages: Complex cleaning process, more expensive to operate

For traditional home use, the FDM printer is usually the first choice – it is uncomplicated, cost-effective, and more than sufficient for many applications.

What should you consider when buying a 3D printer?

1. Build volume
The build volume of a 3D printer defines the maximum print volume – the largest dimensions an object can achieve during printing. For beginners, a print volume of approximately 220 x 220 x 250 mm is usually sufficient for producing small to medium-sized models, spare parts, or figurines. However, anyone planning to regularly produce larger objects – such as housings, architectural models, or mechanical components – should specifically look for a device with a correspondingly larger build volume. However, a larger build volume usually also results in a higher device weight and requires more space.

2. Print resolution
The print resolution is usually defined by the layer height, which can be, for example, 0.1 mm or 0.2 mm. The smaller the layer height, the finer the detail and surface quality of the printed object. This is particularly advantageous for delicate models or smooth surfaces. However, it should be noted that higher resolution also leads to significantly longer print times. Therefore, those who value particularly detailed results will need to be more patient.

3. Ease of Use
Modern 3D printers are often equipped with numerous features that make handling much easier – a major advantage, especially for beginners. Automatic bed leveling ensures optimal adhesion of the first layer without the need for manual adjustments. Touchscreens provide a user-friendly interface for controlling the device. A Wi-Fi connection allows you to conveniently initiate print jobs from your computer or smartphone, while an integrated camera enables real-time monitoring of the printing process. These features contribute significantly to user-friendliness and make getting started much more pleasant.

4. Open or Closed Housing
The design of the printer – open or closed – has practical implications for safety, print quality, and the operating environment. Closed housings are particularly advantageous when working with materials that require a constant temperature (e.g., ABS). They help compensate for temperature fluctuations, reduce odors during printing, and provide additional protection, for example, in households with children or pets. An open housing is usually easier to access, but less suitable for temperature-sensitive filaments.

5. Software Compatibility
Another important aspect is the printer's compatibility with common 3D printing software. Most devices support the standard STL format, which can be exported by almost all modeling programs. Various programs are widely used for "slicing" – converting the 3D model into printing instructions. An intuitive software interface is essential, especially for beginners, to quickly achieve initial success. It's worth checking which programs are supported and how easy they are to use before purchasing.

Which filament is right for you?

Choosing the right filament depends largely on the intended use. PLA (polylactide) is particularly suitable for beginners. It is biodegradable, easy to process, and available in many colors. Due to its low deformation upon cooling, PLA is ideal for decorative objects, models, or simple everyday items.

If you want to print more stable and durable components, choose PETG. This material is more robust than PLA, water-resistant, and slightly flexible. It is ideal for functional components, housings, or mechanical connections.

ABS is another classic among 3D printing materials. It is particularly shock- and heat-resistant, but requires a heated print bed and ideally a sealed housing, as unpleasant odors and warping can occur during printing. Typical applications include technical parts or resilient components.

TPU is ideal for special applications that require flexibility. This rubbery filament is elastic and is used in applications such as cell phone cases, gaskets, and vibration dampers. However, TPU requires some experience when printing, as it is more difficult to handle than PLA or PETG.

Overall, PLA is the best choice for beginners – it's inexpensive, uncomplicated, and virtually odorless during the printing process. As you gain experience, it's worth experimenting with other materials to fully utilize the capabilities of your 3D printer.

How much does a good 3D printer for home use cost?

The price range for 3D printers is wide, but you can already find solid models for beginners at reasonable prices. Here's an overview:

1. Entry-level (approx. €200 - €400)

This range primarily includes FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) printers that work with plastic filaments. They are ideal for beginners, hobbyists, or students who want to gain their first practical experience with 3D printing. Typical features:

• Sufficiently good print quality for simple to medium-sized models
• Standard build volume (e.g., 220 x 220 x 250 mm)
• Basic functions such as manual bed leveling and simple controls
• Often open design
• Low to medium noise level

2. Mid-range (approx. €500 - €800)

These printers offer greater convenience and precision, are more robustly built, and are better suited for regular or more complex printing projects. The devices in this class are aimed at ambitious hobbyists and technology enthusiasts.

• Higher resolution and more consistent print quality
• Advanced features such as automatic bed leveling, touchscreens, Wi-Fi connectivity, or direct-drive extruders
• Larger build volume and better stability
• Partially enclosed housings or expansion options

3. High-end devices (from approx. €1,000)

The upper class offers powerful devices that are not only aimed at experienced makers, but are also suitable for professional applications in design, prototyping, or small-batch production.

• Highest printing accuracy and detail, even with complex models
• Wide range of materials (e.g., nylon, carbon composites, flexible TPU)
• High-quality components and durable construction
• Extensive automation (e.g., automatic calibration, camera monitoring, remote control)
• Often with a closed housing for stable printing conditions

Additional Costs to Consider

In addition to the purchase price of the printer itself, ongoing operating costs should also be considered. These depend on the printing process used, the materials, and the intensity of use:

1. Consumables

• Filament (FDM): approximately €20–€30 per kilogram, depending on the material (e.g., PLA, PETG, ABS). Specialty filaments (e.g., wood, carbon-reinforced) can also be more expensive.
• Resin (SLA/DLP printers): approximately €30–€50 per liter for standard resins. High-performance or biocompatible resins can cost significantly more.

2. Wear Parts and Maintenance

• Nozzles, PTFE tubes, hotends, and print bed films wear out over time and need to be replaced occasionally. The costs are usually moderate—around €5–€30 depending on the part.
• Regular cleaning and calibration are also part of the operation, especially with frequent use.

3. Accessories and Upgrades

Depending on your needs, additional purchases may be useful or even necessary:

• Filament dryer to keep hygroscopic materials dry
• Tools for post-processing (e.g., spatula, sandpaper)
• Spare parts such as additional print beds or a second extruder
• Safety equipment for resin printers (e.g., nitrile gloves, safety goggles)

How much electricity does a 3D printer consume?

The good news: Compared to other household appliances, a 3D printer's power consumption is relatively moderate.

Power consumption at a glance:

• Power consumption: approx. 80–150 watts during operation
• Example calculation: A 3-hour print with a consumption of 120W results in approximately: 3 h x 0.12 kW x €0.35/kWh = approx. €0.13

Even with regular use, the monthly electricity costs remain below €10, making operation cost-effective in the long term.

Who benefits from a 3D printer?

A 3D printer is worthwhile for anyone who enjoys designing things themselves, needs spare parts, or wants to develop prototypes. The possible applications are endless:

• DIY projects & decoration
• Spare parts for household & technology
• Model building & miniatures
• Education & school projects
• Rapid prototyping for startups

With the right device, ideas can be transformed into tangible objects in just a few hours – a real game-changer for creative minds.

Tips for Beginners

1. Start small: Choose an affordable FDM printer with community support.
2. Don't forget to calibrate: Proper bed leveling is key to successful prints.
3. Be patient: The first print is rarely perfect – learn from mistakes.
4. Use online communities: Social platforms offer help and inspiration.

Which 3D printer is right for you?

A 3D printer is a fascinating investment in your creativity. If you only want to produce simple objects or spare parts, an inexpensive FDM printer is the best option. Demanding hobbyists or designers are better off choosing a mid-range or high-end printer. Power consumption is pleasingly low, operating costs are predictable, and the fun factor is enormous.

Before you buy, consider your requirements and find out about support and spare parts availability. Then nothing stands in the way of your entry into the world of 3D printing.